Abstract
There have been various definitions of comparative literature, which greatly varies from one scholar to another, but they all agree that it is one of the most modern literary sciences. Throughout the past two decades, new critical theories, such as gender-based criticism, translation studies, deconstruction and Orientalism, have changed approaches to literature and accordingly have had a profound impact on the work of the comparatists.
Sooner or later, anyone who claims to be working in comparative literature has to try and answer the inevitable question : What is it ? The simplest answer is that comparative literature involves the study of texts across cultures, that it is interdisciplinary and that it is concerned with patterns of connection in literature across both time and space.( Bassnett, p.1). "Everywhere there is connection, everywhere there is illustration," as Matthew Arnold puts it. According to Susan Bassnett, everybody who is interested in books is on the path to comparative literature.
Key Arguments
A comparative analysis you should have already read for different prominent writer for instance Chaucer, Shakespeare, Baudelaire, Poe, Joyce.
●Comparative Literature revolves around the study of literature outside the borders of one particular culture, the study of relations between literature on the one hand and other areas of human expression such as philosophy on the other hand. Critics have also related it to history as it examines the convergence (junction) of different literatures and its historical aspects of influence, considering that Comparative Literature is the essence of the history of literature, beyond the scope of one culture or language
●Another arguments is there west students of 1960 claimed that comparative literature could be put in single boundaries for comparative literature study, but she says that there is no particular method used for claiming.
●Critics at the end of the twentieth century, in the age of postmodernism, still wrestle with the same questions that were posed more than a century ago :
What is the object of the study in comparative literature?
How can comparison be the objective of anything?
If individual literatures have canon, what might a comparative canon be?
How can be comparatist select what to compare ?
Is comparative literature a discipline? Or is it simply a field of study ?
Introduction: What is comparative Literature Today ?
Susan Bassnett says that most of the people do not start with comparative literature but they end up with it in some way or other. Generally, we, first start reading the text and then we arrive at comparison. I mean to say, we start comparing that text with another that has similarities and dissimilarities. Comparative Literature emerged in 19th century. Comparative Literature is different from national literature, general literature and world literature. It was begun as “Literature Compare” in 1860 in Germany.
Derrida’s concept of decentering centre and suplimentarityPritiba Gohil
Hello, Friends here is my presentation of Course No. 7 :- Literary Theory & Criticism: The 20th Western & Indian Poetics – 2
Presentation Topic :- Derrida’s Concept of Decent ring Center And Suplimentarity
This Presentation Made as a Part of Group activity in context of Comparative Study'. This Presentation based upon the article "Comparative Literature and Culture" by Amiya Dev which was published by Purdue University Press
This presentation gives introductory information regarding whar is comparative studies, what and how to compare along with case study on Comparative studies.
Derrida’s concept of decentering centre and suplimentarityPritiba Gohil
Hello, Friends here is my presentation of Course No. 7 :- Literary Theory & Criticism: The 20th Western & Indian Poetics – 2
Presentation Topic :- Derrida’s Concept of Decent ring Center And Suplimentarity
This Presentation Made as a Part of Group activity in context of Comparative Study'. This Presentation based upon the article "Comparative Literature and Culture" by Amiya Dev which was published by Purdue University Press
This presentation gives introductory information regarding whar is comparative studies, what and how to compare along with case study on Comparative studies.
Three prose writers_ Radhakrishnan, Raghunathan and Nirad Chaudhuri.pptxNilay Rathod
This ppt was presented in term end presentations of semester 3 master of Arts. This presentation discuss three Indian prose writers Radhakrishnan, Raghunathan and Nirad Chaudhuri as disscused in the KRS Iyengar's 'Indian Writing in English'
COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN INDIA: overview of its history by Subha Chakraborty...Jheel Barad
This presentation deals with an article by Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta- Comparative Literature in India: an Overview of its History. It consists key- points from the article. It was presented as a classroom group task in Department of English, MKBU.
This presentation is a part of our group activity task given by Prof.Dr.Dilip Barad Sir on Comparative Literature and Translation Studies as Introductory task of the particular unit.
I, Divya Sheta, and Aamena Rangwala presented an article on 'Why Comparative Indian Literature?' by Sisir Kumar Das.
Todd Presner, ‘Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On Po...Asari Bhavyang
Todd Presner, ‘Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On Possible Futures for a Discipline’ in Ali Behdad and Thomas eds. A Companion to Comparative Literature’ 2011, 193- 207
This presentation was preapred as a part of term end presentations on respective papers in Masters of Art program. I made the presentation on Sri Aurobindo's poem 'To a Hero-Worshipper'. Sri Aurobindo was Indian philosopher, yogi, poet, nationalist and professor. This poem is not much discussed among his other works.
Comparative literature in India an Overview of an It's History AnjaliTrivedi14
This Presentation is about one article by Subha Chakraborthy Dasgupta which is about "Comparative Literature in India an Overview of its History".
this is a group task.
What is Comparative Literature Today? - Article by Susan BassnettHetalPathak10
This PPT Made as a part of Pair activity in the context of Comparative Study. This Presentation based upon the article " What is Comparative Literature Today? By Susan Bassnett.
Three prose writers_ Radhakrishnan, Raghunathan and Nirad Chaudhuri.pptxNilay Rathod
This ppt was presented in term end presentations of semester 3 master of Arts. This presentation discuss three Indian prose writers Radhakrishnan, Raghunathan and Nirad Chaudhuri as disscused in the KRS Iyengar's 'Indian Writing in English'
COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN INDIA: overview of its history by Subha Chakraborty...Jheel Barad
This presentation deals with an article by Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta- Comparative Literature in India: an Overview of its History. It consists key- points from the article. It was presented as a classroom group task in Department of English, MKBU.
This presentation is a part of our group activity task given by Prof.Dr.Dilip Barad Sir on Comparative Literature and Translation Studies as Introductory task of the particular unit.
I, Divya Sheta, and Aamena Rangwala presented an article on 'Why Comparative Indian Literature?' by Sisir Kumar Das.
Todd Presner, ‘Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On Po...Asari Bhavyang
Todd Presner, ‘Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On Possible Futures for a Discipline’ in Ali Behdad and Thomas eds. A Companion to Comparative Literature’ 2011, 193- 207
This presentation was preapred as a part of term end presentations on respective papers in Masters of Art program. I made the presentation on Sri Aurobindo's poem 'To a Hero-Worshipper'. Sri Aurobindo was Indian philosopher, yogi, poet, nationalist and professor. This poem is not much discussed among his other works.
Comparative literature in India an Overview of an It's History AnjaliTrivedi14
This Presentation is about one article by Subha Chakraborthy Dasgupta which is about "Comparative Literature in India an Overview of its History".
this is a group task.
What is Comparative Literature Today? - Article by Susan BassnettHetalPathak10
This PPT Made as a part of Pair activity in the context of Comparative Study. This Presentation based upon the article " What is Comparative Literature Today? By Susan Bassnett.
This Presentation is a part of group presentation and it is presented by me and Anjali Rathod as a part of semester presentation.
This presentation is on Sisir Kumar Das's article "Why Comparative Indian Literature?"
Magical realism in midnight's children.pptxJanviNakum
What is magic realism?
What is the History of Magical Realism?
Characteristics of magic realism
classic magic realism example
modern magic realiam example
comparison between Alexander Pope and WordsworthJanviNakum
WHAT ARE THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NEOCLASSICAL AND ROMANTICISM?
ALEXANDER POPE AND WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH AND ALEXANDER POPE
W.H.Auden ; Wystan Hugh Auden was born in York, England, on February 21, 1907. He moved to Birmingham during childhood and was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. As a young man he was influenced by the poetry of Thomas Hardy and Robert Frost, as well as William Blake, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and Old English verse. At Oxford his precocity as a poet was immediately apparent, and he formed lifelong friendships with two fellow writers, Stephen Spender and Christopher Isherwood. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his 1947 long poem The Age of Anxiety, the title of which became a popular phrase describing the modern era. Auden’s career has undergone much reevaluation in recent decades. While some critics have contended that he wrote his finest work when his political sentiments were less obscured by religion and philosophy, others defend his later material as the work of a highly original and mature intellect.
Many critics echo the assessment of Auden’s career by the National Book Committee, which awarded him the National Medal for Literature in 1967: “[Auden’s poetry] has illuminated our lives and times with grace, wit and vitality. His work, branded by the moral and ideological fires of our age, breathes with eloquence, perception and intellectual power.”
What is elegy ? : (in modern literature) a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead. (in Greek and Latin verse) a poem written in elegiac couplets, as notably by Catullus and Propertius. An elegy is a poem of serious reflection, especially one mourning the loss of someone who died. Elegies are defined by their subject matter, and don't have to follow any specific form in terms of meter, rhyme, or structure.
Modern Elegy : For modern and contemporary poets, the elegy is a poem that deals with the subjects of death or mortality, but has no set form, meter, or rhyme scheme. While modern elegies don't have to use any particular meter or follow a particular form, they do typically follow a specific thematic arc, moving from grief toward an acceptance of death.For modern and contemporary poets, the elegy is a poem that deals with the subjects of death or mortality, but has no set form, meter, or rhyme scheme. While modern elegies don't have to use any particular meter or follow a particular form, they do typically follow a specific thematic arc, moving from grief toward an acceptance of death.
In Memory W.B.Yeast & Structure
“In Memory of W.B. Yeats” was written by Auden in February 1939 in Memory of William Butler Yeats after his death in Roquebrune (Southern France) on January 29, 1939. This poem follows the traditional elegiac form. In the poem is three – part that is divided into Stanza of different lengths. The first part of the poem contains six stanzas, the second: one and the third: six again. Auden does not make use of a rhyme scheme in the first two parts of the poem but in the third he does.
The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald
F. Scott Fitzgerald born September 24, 1896, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.F. Scott Fitzgerald was a 20th-century American short-story writer and novelist. Although he completed four novels and more than 150 short stories in his lifetime, he is perhaps best remembered for his third novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). The Great Gatsby is today widely considered “the great American novel.” he died December 21, 1940, Hollywood, California.
About the Novel
The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel by American Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in the Jazz Age on Long Island, near New York City, the novel Depicts First Person narrator Nick Carraway’s interactions with Mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and Gatsby’s obsession to reunite with his former lover, Daisy Buchanan.
Gatsby continues to attract popular and scholarly attention. Contemporary scholars emphasize the novel's treatment of social class, inherited versus self-made wealth, race, and environmentalism, and its cynical attitude towards the American dream. One persistent item of criticism is an allegation of antisemitic stereotyping. The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary masterwork and a contender for the title of the Great American Novel.
The moral of the novel is that the American Dream is Ultimately unattainable.
The Decline of the American Dream in the 1920s :On the surface, The Great Gatsby is a story of the thwarted love between a man and a woman. The main theme of the novel, However, encompasses a much larger, less romantic Scope.
Though all of its action takes place over a mere few months during the summer of 1922 and is set in a circumscribed geographical area in the vicinity of Long Island, New York, The Great Gatsby is a highly symbolic meditation on 1920s America as a whole, in particular the disintegration of the American dream in an era of unprecedented prosperity and material excess.
When World War I ended in 1918, the generation of young Americans who had fought the war became intensely disillusioned, as the brutal carnage that they had just faced made the Victorian social morality of early-twentieth-century America. American aristocracy—families with old wealth—scorned the newly rich industrialists and speculators. Additionally, the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, which banned the sale of alcohol, created a thriving underworld designed to satisfy the massive demand for bootleg liquor among rich and poor alike.
Fitzgerald positions the characters of The Great Gatsby as emblems of these social trends. Nick and Gatsby, both of whom fought in World War I, exhibit the newfound cosmopolitanism and cynicism that resulted from the war. The various social climbers and ambitious speculators who attend Gatsby’s parties evidence the greedy scramble for wealth.
Jonathan Swift
Jonathan Swift was on 30 November 1667 in Dublin, Ireland
He was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, poet and Anglican cleric.
He is regarded by the Encyclopaedia Britannica as the foremost prose Satirist in the English language, and less well known foe his poetry.
He originally published all of his works under pseudonyms- such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier- or anonymously.
He was a master of two styles of satire, the Horatian and Juvenalian Styles.
What is the meaning of Tale of Tub?
One of the great themes that swift explores in A Tale of a Tub is the madness of pride involved in believing one’s own age to be supreme and the inferiority of derivative works.
One of the attacks in the tale was on those who believe that being readers of works makes them the equals of the creators of works.
A Tale of a Tub
A Tale of a Tub, Prose Satire by Jonathan Swift, written between 1696 and 1699, published anonymously in 1704, and expanded in 1710.
Regarded as his first major work, it comprises three related Sketches: the “Tale” itself, an energetic defense of literature and religion against zealous pedantry.
The Sections of the “Tale” alternate between the main allegory about Christian history and ironic digressions on modern scholarship.
From 1710, the cover of the 5th edition of Tale of a Tub. This is a very typical pamphlet cover page.
Sailors, when threatened by a whale , would throw an empty tub to divert it from attacking their ship.
Symbols
Three Brothers – Three Branches of Christianity
The will of the Father – Bible
Father - God
Three costs – Three Religious Practices
Mary Shelley Early Life
Shelley was born Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin on August 30, 1797, in London, England.
She Was the daughter of philosopher and political Writer William Godwin.
Shelley’s mother died less than a month after giving birth to her.
She was raised by her father, who provided her a rich informal education, Encouraging her to adhere to his own Anarchist political theories.
She British novelist, short story writer, Dramatist, essayist, biographer and travel writer.
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Shelley and his stepsister left for France and travelled through Europe.
Upon their return to England, Shelley Was pregnant with Percy’s child.
They Married in late 1816, After the suicide Percy Shelley’s first wife, Harriet.
Shelley second and third children died before Shelley gave birth her last ang only surviving child, Percy Florence Shelley.
P.B.Shelley death in 1822 in Viareggio and she returned to England.
The last decade of her life was dogged by illness, most likely caused by the brain tumor which killed her 1 February 1851 London at age 53.
Shelley’s works
Gothic novel
Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818)
Historical novels
Valperga (1823)
Perkin Warbeck (1830)
Apocalyptic novel
The Last Man (1837)
Her Last two novels : Lodore (1835) and Falkner (1844)
Short Stories
The Liberal(1822)
The London Magazine(1824)
Transformation
The invisible Girl
The Mortal Immortal
The Dream
The Mortal Immortal(1833)
The Mortal Immortal deals with the cursed life of winzy, a young man who has lived for 323 years. He recollects the events that led to his immortality.
Winzy worked for the professor and alchemist Cornelius Agrippa. Wnizy’s love for Bertha, his childhood Sweetheart and love of his life.
Cornelius Agrippa Spent many days working on an elixir. Winzy was not aware of the complete purpose of the elixir and winzy drink it when he felt bertha had left him for Albert Hoffer.
Agrippa deathbed and revels the purpose of the elixirs.
Winzy has live with the fact that Bertha is getting older while he continues to look Twenty years old.
Winzy confesses the truth and tells Bertha that he must leave her so that she may continue on with her life. Bertha accepts the situation and tells winzy that she wants to start a new life with him. Winzy cares Bertha perishes .Woman that he can love the way that he has loved Bertha. Bertha is death and Winzy effects of old age physical toll him but fact is appearance continues to be that of a twenty year old. The elixir does not prevent the aging process, but only keeps the drinker from dying.
What is YouTube ?
Video sharing site where users are able to
upload their own videos
videos posted by others users all across the world
interact with the video
Diverse contents
How to upload video in You Tube on phone
How to upload video in You Tube on Laptop
Channel Dashboard
Channel Content
In Channel Customization Channel trailer for people who haven't subscribed.
Featured video for returning Subscribed.
Branding How to seat your profile picture and Banner images.
How to add Timestamp in your you tube video.
What is Gmail.
Gmail Basics Information.
Change the password in Gmail.
Gmail tool
Another tool
Compose your email messages .
Attachment
Email as Evidence in court.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction: what is comparative literature Today ?
1. Comparative Literature
A Critical Introduction ( 1993)
Introduction : what is Comparative Literature Today ?
Susan Bassnett
Presented by : Janvi Nakum
Roll No : 11
Nidhi Dave
Roll No : 16
Sem 4 ( batch 2021 – 2023 )
S.B.Gardi Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
2. Abstract
There have been various definitions of comparative literature, which greatly varies from one scholar to
another, but they all agree that it is one of the most modern literary sciences. Throughout the past two
decades, new critical theories, such as gender-based criticism, translation studies, deconstruction and
Orientalism, have changed approaches to literature and accordingly have had a profound impact on the work
of the comparatists.
Sooner or later, anyone who claims to be working in comparative literature has to try and answer the
inevitable question : What is it ? The simplest answer is that comparative literature involves the study of texts
across cultures, that it is interdisciplinary and that it is concerned with patterns of connection in literature
across both time and space.( Bassnett, p.1).
"Everywhere there is connection, everywhere there is illustration," as Matthew Arnold puts it. According to
Susan Bassnett, everybody who is interested in books is on the path to comparative literature.
A comparative analysis you should have already read for different prominent writer for instance Chaucer,
Shakespeare, Baudelaire, Poe, Joyce.
3. 3
Key Argument
●Comparative Literature revolves around the study of literature outside the borders of one
particular culture, the study of relations between literature on the one hand and other areas of
human expression such as philosophy on the other hand. Critics have also related it to history
as it examines the convergence (junction) of different literatures and its historical aspects of
influence, considering that Comparative Literature is the essence of the history of literature,
beyond the scope of one culture or language
●Another arguments is there west students of 1960 claimed that comparative literature could
be put in single boundaries for comparative literature study, but she says that there is no
particular method used for claiming.
●Critics at the end of the twentieth century, in the age of postmodernism, still wrestle with the
same questions that were posed more than a century ago :
4. What is the object of the study in comparative literature?
How can comparison be the objective of anything?
If individual literatures have canon, what might a comparative canon
be?
How can be comparatist select what to compare ?
Is comparative literature a discipline? Or is it simply a field of study ?
5. 5
Susan Bassnett says that most of the people do not start with
comparative literature but they end up with it in some way or
other. Generally, we, first start reading the text and then we
arrive at comparison. I mean to say, we start comparing that
text with another that has similarities and dissimilarities.
Comparative Literature emerged in 19th century.
Introduction: What is comparative
Literature Today ?
6. Comparative Literature is different from national
literature, general literature and world literature. It
was begun as “Literature Compare” in 1860 in
Germany. And Comparative literature got
recognition as a study in 1897. Matthew Arnold in
his Inaugural Lecture at Oxford in 1857 when he
said...
“Everywhere there is connection. Everywhere
there is illustration. No single event, no single
literature is adequately comprehended except in
relation to other events, to other literatures.”
7. We come upon Boccaccio while reading Chaucer,
Shakespeare’s primary materials may be treated back to
Latin, French, Spanish and Italian.
We can see how Baudelaire’s affinity for Edgar Allan Poe
influenced his own writing consider how many English
authors learnt from the great Russian writers of the 19th
century.
We may compare James Joyce’s, borrowing and lending to
Italo Svevo. Clarice Lispector reminds us of Jean Rhys,
who in turn reminds us of Djuna Barnes and Anais Nin.
Goethe gave the term “ world Literature ( weltliteratur)”
to comparative literature because comparative literature
removes the all borders and brings nearer to all literatures
and spread harmony.
8. 8
Benedetto Croce argued that comparative literature was a non- subject,
contemptuously dismissing the suggestion that it might be seen as a
separate discipline. He discussed the definition of Comparative
literature as the exploration of “the vicissitudes, alterations,
developments and reciprocal difference” of themes and literary
ideas across literatures, and concluded that ‘there is no study more
arise than research of this sort. This kind of work, Croce maintained, is
to be classified, in the category of erudition purely and simply. Instead
of something called comparative literature, he suggested that the
proper object of study should be literary history:
“ the comparative history of literature is
history understood in its true sense a s
complete explanation of the literary work,
encompassed in all its relationships,
disposed in the composite whole of
universal literary history (where else could it
ever be placed ?), seen in those connections
and preparations that are its raison d’être.”
9. 9
Croce’s argument was that the term “Comparative Literature” was
obfuscator, disguising the obvious, that is, the fact that the true object of
study was literary history.
Max Koch, founder and editor of two German comparative
Journals, Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Literatur (1887 – 1910) and
Studien zur vergleicvhende litraturgeschichte (1901 – 1909).
Croce’s claimed he could not distinguish between literary history pure
and simple and comparative literary history.
we can see Croce’s different views regarding comparative literature that
he is against towards the concept of comparative literature. This shows
various comparative literatures. All cultural differences disappear when
readers take up great works; art is seen as an instrument of universal
harmony and the comparatists is one who facilitates the spread of that
harmony.
10. 10
Wellek and Warren in their “Theory of Literature “ a book
that was enormously significant in Comparative literature
when it first appeared in 1949, suggest that:
“Comparative Literature... will make high demands on
type linguistic proficiencies of our scholars. It asks for
a widening of perspectives, a suppression of local and
provincial sentiments, not easy to achieve.”
Wellek and warren go on to state that , “ Literature is one
as art and humanity are one”. It is an idealistic vision that
recurs in the aftermath of major international crises.
11. 11
The great waves of critical thought that : Structuralism through
to post structuralism from feminism to deconstruction , from
semiology to psychoanalysis.
When Western comparatists had sought to deny: the specificity
of national literatures, Swapan Majumdar puts it:
“It is because of this prediction for National Literature-
much developed by the Anglo-American critics as a
methodology- that comparative Literature has struck roots
in the Third World nations and in India in particular.”
Majumdar Points : What Indian Scholars call Western
literature, regardless of geographical precision, includes though
literatures which derive from Graeco – Roman matrices via
Christianity, and he terms English , French, German etc, as ‘
Sub - National literatures’.
12. 12
Homi Bhabha sums up the new emphasis in an essay
discussing the ambivalence of post- colonial culture,
suggesting that:
Instead of cross-referencing there is an effective.
productive cross- cutting across sites of social
significance, that erases the dialectical, disciplinary sense
of 'Cultural' reference and relevance.
Wole Soyinka and a whole range of African critics have
exposed the pervasive influence of Hegel, who argued that
African culture was ‘ weak’ in contrast to what he claimed were
higher, more developed cultures, and who effectively denied
Africa a history.
13. 13
James Snead, in an essay attacking Hegel, points out that:
The outstanding fact of late twentieth-century European
culture is its ongoing reconciliation with black culture.
The mystery may be that it took so long to discern the
elements of black culture already there in latent form,
and to realize that the separation between the cultures
was perhaps all along not one of nature, but one of
force.
Terry Eagleton has argued that literature, in the meaning
of the word we have inherited, is an ideology, and he
discusses the way in which the emergence of English as
an academic subject in the nineteenth century had quite
clear political implications.
14. 14
The work of Edward Said, pioneer of the notion of
'orientalism', has provided many critics with a new
vocabulary, Said's thesis, that:
the Orient was a word which later accrued to it a wide
field of meanings, associations and connotations,
and that these did not necessarily refer to the real
Orient but to the field surrounding the words.
Zhang Longxi's 'The Myth of the Other: China in the Eyes
of the West, in which it is argued that for the West, China
as a land in the Far East becomes traditionally the image
of the ultimate Other .
15. 15
Ganesh Devy's argument that comparative literature in
India coincides with the rise of modern Indian nationalism
is important, because it serves to remind us of the origins
of the term 'Comparative Literature in Europe, a term that
first appeared in an age of national struggles, when new
boundaries were being erected and the whole question
national culture and national identity was under discussion
throughout Europe and the expanding United States of
America.
Comparative literature as it is being developed outside
Europe and the United States is breaking new ground and
there is a great deal to be learned from following this
development.
16. 16
“Translation Studies” this prominent has raised the confusion that a
translation study is a part of comparative literature or comparative
literature is a part of translation studies. This thing still confuses the
critics. Comparative literature has traditionally claimed translations as
a sub-category, but this assumption is now being questioned. The
works of scholars such as Toury, Lefeverre, Hermans, Lambert and
many others have shown that translation is especially significant at
moments of great cultural change.
Evn Zohar argues that extensive translation activity takes place
when a culture is in a period of transition: when it is expanding,
when it needs renewal, when it is in a pre-revolutionary phase, then
translation plays a vital part. In contrast, when a culture is solidly
established, when it is in an imperialist stage, when it believes itself to
be dominant then translation is less important. Here, we can see that
translation in positive and Negative light in the words of Evan Zohar.
As English became the little need to translate, hence the relative
poverty of twentieth- century translation into English compared with
the proliferation of translation in many other languages.
What is Translation Studies’ Contribution to comparative literature ?
17. 17
English became the language of international diplomacy
in the twentieth century (and also the dominant world
commercial language), there was little need to translate,
hence the relative poverty of twentieth-century
translations into English compared with the proliferation
of translations in many other languages.
comparative literature appears less like a discipline and
more like a branch of something else. Seen in this way,
the problem of the crisis could then be put into
perspective, and the long, unresolved debate on whether
comparative literature is or is not a discipline in its own
right could finally and definitely be shelved.